NLP & Generative AI
10 min
AI Agents Explained: How to Build an LLM Agent with Python
AI agents explained: learn how LLM agents use tools, state, and a loop, then build a safe local agent in Python with Ollama, tests, and security guardrails.
Xray AI Lab
Articles
Everything published so far, newest first.
NLP & Generative AI
12 min
How to Evaluate LLMs: A Practical Guide to Testing AI Responses
Learn how to evaluate LLM responses with test sets, code-based graders, human review, and LLM-as-a-judge, plus a runnable Python harness and common pitfalls.
Deep Learning
15 min
Backpropagation Explained: How Neural Networks Learn
Learn how backpropagation works: the chain rule, a fully worked numeric example, a NumPy implementation with gradient checking, and common pitfalls.
Data Science
10 min
Data Cleaning with Python and Pandas: A Complete Practical Guide
Learn a repeatable pandas data cleaning workflow: audit, fix text and types, parse dates, handle invalid values, remove duplicates, flag outliers, and validate.
Data Science
12 min
Data Quality in Data Science: How to Detect and Fix Bad Data with Python
Learn to measure data quality across six dimensions, detect and fix bad data with pandas, enforce rules with pandera, and see how bad data hurts models.
Data Science
11 min
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) with Python: A Complete Project
Run a complete exploratory data analysis in Python with pandas and seaborn on the Palmer Penguins data, from data quality checks to a Simpson's paradox.
Mathematics
13 min
Probability for Machine Learning: Bayes & Distributions
Learn the probability behind machine learning: Bayes' theorem, key distributions, MLE and MAP, with worked examples and Python code you can run and check.
Research Notes
15 min
Agentic AI in 2026: What Research Reveals About Autonomous Agents
Agentic AI explained through research: agent architectures, planning, tools, memory, what autonomous agents can really do in 2026, and where they still fail.
Mathematics
15 min
Calculus for Machine Learning: Derivatives, Partial Derivatives, and Gradients
Learn derivatives visually, then see how partial derivatives and gradients drive neural-network training, with worked examples and verified Python code.
Computer Vision
11 min
Computer Vision Explained: Tasks, Models, and Applications
What is computer vision? Learn the core tasks, the key models from CNNs to Vision Transformers, real applications, and runnable Python examples.